Chromatography has emerged as a essential analytical tool in pharmaceutical quality control. Its adaptability allows for the isolation of complex mixtures, enabling the reliable determination of drug concentrations, impurities, and degradation substances. Several chromatographic techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and

Organic molecules are distinguished by their intricate arrangements, primarily composed of carbon atoms linked to each other and a variety of other elements, such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. These connections can be classified into several types, including covalent bonds, where electrons are shared between atoms, and ionic bonds, whi